麻豆传媒

On September 28, the White House held a Conference on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health. Unfortunately, obesity was omitted as a main topic for the conference. Yet, on the day prior to the conference, the that the number of states with high rates of adult obesity has more than doubled in the last 4 years, with the pandemic exacerbating this rise. With food insecurity rates and obesity rates climbing, why wasn't obesity top of mind for a White House conference on health and nutrition?

Hunger invokes sympathy while obesity evokes shame and loathing. Stigma and blame have often been associated with disease. As Susan Sontag pointed out in Illness as Metaphor, a disease like cancer or obesity is not a result of moral failure or personality. Notably, the demonstrated that patients with obesity are supremely motivated to lose weight through lifestyle changes, even under a national spotlight, but often will regain their weight.

Weight regain is a consequence of physiology not psychology. Dieting will elevate the hunger hormone ghrelin, decrease the satiety hormone GLP-1, and literally turn down the thermostat by decreasing calorie expenditure by 15%. When dieting, the body will defend its set weight, making weight loss challenging because maintenance of weight is a biological imperative.

Surprisingly, the conference mentioned obesity only fleetingly, and just in the context of prevention and dietary counseling as treatment. However, with existing and emerging obesity treatments available, it's important to consider these treatments in tandem with other healthy lifestyle interventions.

Time to Treat

Although laudable, prevention can't treat the millions of patients with obesity currently at risk from diabetes, hypertension, heart failure, cancer, and COVID-19. Of note, the two leading risk factors for COVID-19 consequences are weight and age, and our national obesity rates may account for when compared to other countries. We can't change our age but we can change our weight.

While nutrition is important, patients with clinical obesity cannot be treated by nutrition alone. The current administration has medicalized nutritional counseling and the Obama administration promoted the "Let's Move!" initiative -- these interventions can help, but not in isolation for most patients with obesity. At times, too much emphasis on nutrition or exercise can also lead to delays in medication intervention for patients who would benefit. Weight loss for patients with obesity is achieved metabolically -- generally not by motivation alone.

Medical Inflation

The long litany of the consequences of obesity should be enumerated consistently, by health professionals and government officials, to focus attention upon it. Medical costs and complications, and even national security, are affected by obesity when our recruits cannot complete basic training . Obesity is the medical equivalent of economic inflation. The value of medical advancements will be eroded and diminished by obesity, which increases the prevalence and consequences of multiple diseases while simultaneously undermining the effectiveness of their treatment. A prime example is type 2 diabetes, with obesity as a strong contributing factor. If obesity in the setting of diabetes is not treated, then diabetes will remain difficult to treat, akin to providing aspirin for a fever that needs antibiotics. A recent barely emphasized optimizing current treatment options for obesity. Historically, instead of strong medicine, patients with obesity and diabetes have been offered the weak tea of initiatives such as less sugary drinks, more breast-feeding, and food label changes. While these can offer some health benefits, they don't go far enough alone.

This makes the decision of the conference not to engage obesity and its treatment disheartening to patients with obesity and healthcare professionals devoted to their care. Reliance on changing food labeling may result in more regulatory burden and confusion for the public without enough benefit of the proposed voluntary labeling. Nutritional advice is notoriously conflicting and difficult to message, and even more so when the message changes.

Treatment Has Arrived

These old approaches are even more confounding as treatment for obesity is now innovative, safe, and effective with providing accredited bariatric surgery and two new anti-obesity medications (AOMs) demonstrating groundbreaking results. Bariatric surgery can decrease , , and even on a long-term basis, and can increase the likelihood of . AOMs can lead to as much as , with 5% total body weight loss being a metric of meaningful health improvement. If cost is a consideration, please consider that we are already paying for the consequences of obesity at the conservative annually, which is likely an underestimate given the role obesity plays in multiple diseases. Obesity treatment can also be cost-effective as noted in the example of bariatric surgery.

What Can We Do?

Here are 10 important steps for government officials and healthcare professionals:

1. Pass the Congressional
2. Direct CMS to negotiate pricing of anti-obesity medications
3. Instruct CMS to promote bariatric surgery for selected populations, as CMS promotes kidney transplant for patients with chronic kidney disease
4. Ensure that the Essential Health Benefit includes access to obesity counseling, medications, and bariatric surgery
5. Improve reimbursement for obesity services commensurate to other treatments
6. Provide a quality metric to ensure counseling regarding all obesity treatment options for those affected annually
7. Fund a new National Institute of Health devoted to obesity along with new "National Obesity Institute" centers like the National Cancer Institute centers
8. Deliver nutritional education at all educational levels, especially in medical schools
9. Improve economic opportunities and public safety in food and exercise deserts with demonstration projects and grants
10. Create an Obesity Czar to champion prevention/treatment strategies and overcome bureaucratic barriers

Treating obesity is our healthcare moonshot. If we accomplish this mission, our destination will be increased quantity and quality of life with less cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and even COVID-19 complications. To accomplish this goal, we need to treat obesity seriously. This is not a democratic or republican issue -- this is an American issue. Obesity affects northern inner-city minorities and southern rural communities and even board rooms. We need to provide more than counseling. Patients with obesity need treatment.

is professor and vice chair in the Department of Surgery at Yale School of Medicine.

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